中國民族音樂資料館 Chinese Music Archive
打擊樂 Percussion
打擊樂(皮膜類) Percussion (Leather Group)
大鼓 Dagu/Big Drum
堂鼓 Tanggu
排鼓 Paigu
板鼓 Bangu
鈴鼓 Linggu/Tambourine
打擊樂(金屬類) Percussion (Metal Group)
鑼 Luo/Gong
小鑼 Xiaoluo
鐃 Nao
鈸 Bo/Cymbal
碰鈴 Pengling
引磬 Yinqing
打擊樂(竹木類) Percussion (Bamboo-Wood Group)
拍板 Paiban/Clapboard
梆子 Bangzi
蓮花板 Lianhuaban
木魚 Muyu/Wooden Fish
打擊樂(皮膜類) Percussion(Leather Group)
鼓 Drum
鼓，皮面、用棰敲擊。起源很早，據《禮記‧明堂位》所載，遠古時候的伊耆氏已有土製的鼓。又說，夏后氏有一種足鼓。鼓在歌舞、戲曲等藝術活動中，是必不可少的伴奏樂器之一，有時還起著指揮的作用；在某些器樂合奏中亦佔有相當重要的地位並發展成為獨奏樂器。今天流傳的鼓，種類繁多，如：堂鼓、花盆鼓、排鼓、戰鼓、手鼓、板鼓、雙皮鼓、沙鼓、書鼓、漁鼓、花鼓、腰鼓、鈴鼓……等等，各具特點，演奏方法也不盡相同，都有豐富的表現力
Drum, leather face percussion instrument played with a mallet. The origin is very early. Drums are one of the indispensable accompaniment instruments in singing and dancing, opera and other artistic activities, and sometimes also play the role of conductor; they also occupy a very important position in some instrumental ensembles and develop into solo instruments. There are many kinds of drums circulating today . Characteristic, playing methods are not the same, all have rich expressive power.
大鼓 Dagu/Big Drum
大鼓，桶形，中部略粗。鼓框一般用椿木、樺木、色木、楊木製造，中部設置二至四個圓形或六方形鼓泡，其上裝置鼓環，用以懸掛或作提手。鼓的兩面蒙以牛皮，並不塗膠鰾，由鼓釘固定。演奏時，置木架上，用兩根較粗木棰敲擊發音。一般鼓心發音低，鼓邊發音高。奏法有單擊、雙擊、頓擊、悶擊、壓擊、搖擊、滾擊等。可以獨奏，亦可合奏，舞蹈伴奏及傳統節日、喜慶集會等場合，更少不了它。
Big drum, barrel-shaped, slightly thick in the middle. The drum frame is generally made of different kinds of wood. Two to four round or hexagonal bubbling parts are arranged in the middle, and drum rings are installed on them to hang or serve as handles. Both sides of the drum are covered with cowhide. When playing, it is put on a wooden frame and use two thick wooden chutes to strike the sound. Generally speaking, the heart of the drum is low, and the edge of the drum is high. There are many kinds of playing methods. It can be played solo or in ensemble, dance accompaniment, traditional festivals.
堂鼓 Tanggu
堂鼓，又稱同鼓，外形、製作、用材、奏法均與大鼓相同。堂鼓規格分大小，小堂鼓發音高亮，用於地方戲曲、民間舞蹈伴奏和鑼鼓隊中；大堂鼓音色寬厚，用於民間器樂合奏和舞蹈伴奏。演奏時，通過敲擊鼓邊、鼓心和控制敲擊力度，能得到大幅度的音量與音色對比，渲染出不同的情緒和氣氛。在十番鼓、十番鑼鼓等民間器樂演奏中，由於擊鼓技巧繁複，多由司板鼓者兼之。
Tanggu, also known as the Tonggu, is the same in shape, production, material and playing method as the big drum. The size of the drum is divided into sizes, and the small drum has a high-pitched sound, which is used in local opera, folk dance accompaniment and gong and drum teams; When playing, you can get a large volume and tone contrast by hitting the drum rim, drum heart and controlling the hitting intensity, rendering different moods and atmospheres
排鼓 Paigu
排鼓，是二十世紀六十年代根據民間常用的中型堂鼓和腰鼓經過不斷改進創造出來的鼓類新品種。它一般由五個大小不同，從低音到高音的鼓組成一套，每個鼓的兩面，外表大小一樣，但內徑不同，故每個鼓可發不同的兩個音，通過外面的調音裝置，幅度可達四或五度，故五個鼓就有十個音了。鼓身固定在一個特製的鐵“Ｕ”型叉架上，中間為套管立柱，承裝在支撐的三角架上，鼓身兩面可隨意翻轉演奏。排鼓發音激烈、跳蕩，高音堅實有力，中、低音寬厚宏亮，在樂隊中能造成豐富的音響效果，在大型器樂合奏及鼓樂中能展現出熱烈歡騰的氣氛。
Paigu is a new type of drum created in the 1960s. It generally consists of five drums of different sizes, ranging from bass to treble. The two sides of each drum have the same size on the outside, but different inner diameters, so each drum can emit two different tones through the external tuning device. , the amplitude can reach four or five degrees, so five drums have ten tones. The drum body is fixed on a special iron “U”-shaped fork frame, with a casing column in the middle, which is mounted on a supporting tripod, and both sides of the drum body can be turned over and played at will. The sound of the row drum is intense and swaying, the treble is firm and powerful, and the middle and bass are generous and bright.
板鼓 Bangu
板鼓，又稱班鼓、單皮，形體矮小，鼓框由五塊堅厚的色木、樺木、槐木或桑木合拼製成，鼓膛呈八字形，頂端發音鼓光部位僅有5—10厘米，鼓身㡳端寬大開口，整個鼓框外部緊蒙厚豬皮或牛皮，直包至鼓身底端，用密排鼓釘繃緊，底部並箍以鐵圈，故名單皮鼓。演奏時，將鼓空懸在繫有繩子的竹製或木製鼓架上，用兩根鼓簽敲擊。板鼓分兩種，鼓光大的音低，小的音高，南方十番鑼鼓等用的是大鼓光，京劇和其他地方戲用的是小鼓光的板鼓。一般戲曲樂隊，板鼓與柏板並用，由一人兼奏，居指揮和領奏地位。他可點簽（點擊鼓面）、滿簽（平擊鼓面），又可雙打（雙手持簽齊打或交替滾奏）、單打（右手持簽擊鼓、左手持拍板敲擊）、悶打（左簽壓住鼓面，右簽打鼓面，發出悶音），結合力度輕重、鼓點疏密緩急的多樣變化，發揮出不同的音響效果。
Bangu, also known as bangu or single-skin, is short and small. The drum frame is made of five thick colored wood, birch, locust wood or mulberry wood. -10 cm, the drum body has a wide opening at the end, and the entire drum frame is tightly covered with thick pigskin or cowhide. It is wrapped directly to the bottom of the drum body, and is tightened with drum nails. . To play, hang the drum in the air on a bamboo or wooden drum stand tied to a rope and strike it with two drum sticks. There are two types of bangu, the louder and lower pitched drums, the southern part of China use the big drums, while the Peking Opera and other local operas use the small drums. In general opera ensembles, the bangu and the clapboard are used together, and one person plays concurrently, taking the position of conductor and lead.
鈴鼓 Linggu/Tambourine
鈴鼓，鼓框木製，呈扁圓形，單面蒙以羊皮、馬皮或鱸皮，皮面周圍用鐵釘繃緊，鼓框上開有扁圓形小長孔，裝置有5—7對銅或鐵製的小鈸，另有一個不裝鈸的圓孔作為手握部位。演奏時，左手持鼓，右手手指或手掌擊奏，搖動鼓身，可使小鈸同時作響。多用於歌唱或舞蹈伴奏，也可用於器樂合奏。
Tambourine, wooden frame, oblate, covered with sheepskin, horseskin or donkey skin on one side, and tightened with iron nails around the leather surface. The drum frame has small oblate long holes. The device has 5-7 For small cymbals made of copper or iron, there is another round hole without cymbals as the grip part. When playing, hold the drum with the left hand, and play with the fingers or palm of the right hand, and shake the drum body to make the small cymbals sound at the same time. Mostly used for singing or dancing accompaniment, but also for instrumental ensemble.
打擊樂(金屬類) Percussion(Metal Group)
鑼 Luo/Gong
鑼，銅製，圓形弧面，中央有隆起的鑼光或鑼臍，用布或皮條包頭的鑼棰敲擊。唐杜佑《通典》，已提及“打沙鑼”的記載，約於後魏（公元六世紀）前期開始出現。長期以來，經過不斷發展，已創製出多種多樣的鑼類，亦有將不同音高的小鑼編整成套，適於演奏旋律的 “雲鑼” 及大小不同音色鑼群，組合成的“十面鑼”和“舟山鑼”。在器樂合奏，尤其鑼鼓曲中，都需要用到鑼。不同種類的戲曲伴奏中，所用鑼類都有一定的規定。當今所用的鑼類有：大鑼（虎音鑼）、小鑼（手鑼）、湯鑼、鋩鑼、雲鑼、十面鑼、大抄鑼、深波、風鑼……等等。
Gongs, made of bronze, with a circular arc surface, played with a mallet covered by cloth or leather strap. For a long time, through continuous development, a variety of gongs have been created. There are also small gongs with different pitches arranged in sets, suitable for playing melody “cloud gongs” and gong groups of different sizes and timbres. In instrumental ensembles, especially in gongs and drums, gongs are needed. There are certain regulations for the gongs used in different types of opera accompaniment. There are many types of gongs used today.
鐃、鈸 Nao、Bo/Cymbal
鐃(Nao)、鈸(Bo)皆響銅製成，呈圓片形，中有凸起之碗頂，每副兩片，演奏時雙手各執一片互擊。此類樂器，先有鈸，最早約出現於公元350年左右，當時稱為“銅鈸”；宋代才出現“銅鐃”之名。明清以後，鈸與鐃同時並存，各有多種大小之分，名稱也不統一，有謂之鐃、鈸、鑔等。鈸與鐃形制雖然基本相似，但亦有分別，鐃和鈸中間凸起部分，大小不同，鐃的小而鈸的大。在音質上，鐃發音較響亮，餘音較長；鈸發音較渾厚，餘音較短。在音高上，以大小約同的鐃、鈸發音比對，鈸所發的音較高。經過不斷的改革和運用，鈸與鐃在民族管弦樂隊中的作用，極為顯要，在蘇南吹打等民間器樂合奏，昆曲、粵劇等地方戲曲，舞龍、舞獅等民間歌舞的伴奏中，尤能發揮重要效果。
Nao and Bo are made of copper, in the shape of a disc, with a raised bowl top, two pieces in each pair, and each hand holds one piece for each other when playing. This kind of musical instrument, firstly appeared around 350 AD. After the Ming and Qing dynasties, Nao and Bo coexisted at the same time, each with a variety of sizes, and the names were not uniform. Although the shape of Nao and Bo are basically similar, there are also different in size, sound and usage.
碰鈴 Pengling
碰鈴，響銅製節奏樂器，又稱碰鐘、雙磬、鈴鈸，古時稱“星”。大約在南北朝（公元420—589年）時已有此樂器。碰鈴由兩個隆起碗頂的半球形銅鐘以繩穿連成一套。演奏時，兩手各執一枚繩端，互相碰擊鐘口發聲。在器樂合奏、歌舞及戲曲伴奏中常用，多用於樂曲的強拍及作應節點板，無固定音高，但發音清脆悅耳，具有特殊韻味和色彩性。
Pengling, which are normally made of copper. This instrument has been around in the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589). The bell is made up of two hemispherical bronze bells with a raised bowl top connected by a rope. When playing, hold a rope end in each hand and hit the bell mouth with each other to mak a sound. It is commonly used in instrumental ensembles, singing and dancing, and opera accompaniment. It is mostly used for strong beats and response nodes of music. There is no fixed pitch, but the pronunciation is crisp and pleasant, with special charm and color.
引磬 Yinqing
引磬，又稱雲磬、單子，由一個半球形黃銅鐘置於一根長圓幼木柄上端。演奏時，左手執木柄的下端，右手執細長銅棍敲擊。引磬發音柔和，餘韻耐聽，在民族器樂小合奏中，尤特亮麗，在佛道寺廟音樂中，更是不能或缺的一員。
Yinqing, also known as cloud chime, consists of a hemispherical brass bell placed on the upper end of an oblong seedling handle. When playing, the left hand holds the lower end of the wooden handle, and the right hand holds the slender copper rod to strike. The chime has a soft and pleasant sound. It is beautiful in small ensembles of national instrumental music, and it is an indispensable member in Buddhist and Taoist temple music.
打擊樂(竹木類) Percussion(Bamboo-Wood Group)
拍板 Paiban/Clapboard
拍板，由若干木塊組合成套的打擊樂器，多用紫檀、紅木、黃楊木等木材製成，習稱檀板、綽板，簡稱“板”。唐段安節《樂府雜錄》中曾記述：“拍板本無譜，明皇遣黃幡綽造譜。”此事敘明唐代（公元618—907年）梨園已有使用拍板了。唐時，拍板大的九塊，小的六塊，上端用繩聯成一串，下端可自由開合。演奏時，兩手分執最外兩塊木板的下端，開合撞擊中間的木板取聲。發展至現代，常用於戲曲音樂和器樂合奏中，由三塊板組成，常與板鼓合用，由掌板鼓手兼司。三塊木板由蓋板、中板和底板串合成套；中板略厚，兩面是平的，蓋板和底板稍薄，一面是平的，另一面隆起成脊狀，蓋板的平面和中板相合，用絲弦纏繞上下兩端，使成一體，為一組，與另一組的單塊底板，同在約向上三分二處，橫開二孔，用繩或布帶穿連，繩可通過扭旋調較寬緊；演奏時，左手執底板，拇指居兩組中間的繩扭處，搖動手腕使底板的脊隆下部與另一組的中板下部相擊取聲。
Clapboard is a set of percussion instruments composed of several wooden blocks. It has developed to modern times and is often used in opera music and instrumental ensembles. It consists of three boards, often used in conjunction with the Bangu. The three wooden boards are composed of cover, middle and bottom. The plates are matched, and the upper and lower ends are wound with silk strings to form one group. It is about two-thirds upward with the single bottom plate of the other group. It can be made wider and tighter by twisting; when playing, hold the bottom plate with the left hand, place the thumb on the rope twist in the middle of the two groups, and shake the wrist so that the lower part of the ridge of the bottom plate and the lower part of the middle plate of the other group hit each other to get the sound.
梆子 Bangzi
梆子，木梆類打擊樂器，又名梆板，由兩根硬木梆配對組成，一為圓柱形長條，另一為長方扁圓體。明末清初時，藉著梆子腔戲曲的興起而流行，因此梆子腔這種亂彈戲曲，以使用梆子擊拍而得名。這兩根木梆多採用紫檀、紅木或棗木心製成，材料堅實乾透，沒有疤節擘裂，外表圓弧光滑，棱角適度。演奏時，左手執長方，右手執圓柱擊向長方取音，音色清脆堅實，無固定音高，是河北梆子、豫劇、秦腔等梆子戲曲的代表性打擊樂器。
在中國南方，另有一種長方扁形木梆打擊樂器，名為南梆子，又名卜魚、廣東板。成品是在一長方花梨木底面相對處，各挖取二分薄面的不到底長深窄縫作共鳴內腔。演奏時，左手執木梆，右手執竹簽或木棰敲擊開口處，又或懸於鼓架上演奏，發聲短促圓潤，是粵劇伴奏及廣東歌樂常用的擊節樂器。
Bangzi, wood percussion instrument, also known as ban board, is composed of two hardwood paired together, one is a cylindrical strip, the other is a rectangular oblate. They are mostly made of red sandalwood, mahogany or jujube wood. When playing, the left hand holds the rectangle, and the right hand holds the cylinder to strike the rectangle to obtain the sound. In southern China, there is another rectangular flat wooden percussion instrument called Nanbangzi, also known as Buyu and Cantonese board. The finished product is a rectangular rosewood bottom facing each other, and each of the two thin surfaces is dug into a long and deep narrow slit that is not at the bottom to make a resonance cavity. When performing, the left hand holds a wooden bang, and the right hand holds a bamboo or wooden stick to strike the opening, or hang it on a drum stand to play. The sound is short and mellow.
蓮花板 Lianhuaban
蓮花板，竹製打擊樂器，由竹板與節板（碎子）組成一套，可以合用，亦可各自單獨分開使用，是多種曲藝的主要伴奏樂器，常由演唱者自打自唱，以營造氣氛和烘托情緒。竹板，是由兩塊相對較大較厚的不帶竹節和無擘裂蟲註的瓦形毛竹製成，上端開有兩橫孔，陽面相對繫以繩子作串連，下端可自由開合，一手夾擊取板拍。節板，由五塊或七塊小竹板組成，上端開有兩個橫孔穿繩串連，板與板之間串夾銅錢或銅片，下端自由開合。演奏時，一手持竹板，一手持節板，碰擊或搖動發音。蓮花板，是快板書、山東快板、天津快板、四川金錢板等曲藝音樂的主要伴奏樂器。
Lianhuaban, a bamboo percussion instrument, is composed of 2 sets of bamboo board which can be used together or separately. One set is made of two relatively large and thick tile-shaped bamboos without bamboo joints and without cracking insects. There are two horizontal holes at the upper end, and the positive side is connected with a rope. Together, one-handed strike and take the board shot. Another set is composed of five or seven small bamboo boards. The upper end is opened with two horizontal holes and connected with ropes. Copper coins or copper sheets are sandwiched between the boards, and the lower end is free to open and close. When playing, hold the first set in one hand and another set in the other, and strike or shake the sound.
木魚 Muyu/Wooden Fish
木魚，木製打擊樂器，原為佛教吟誦梵吹的常用樂器，後來逐漸被民間器樂合奏吸收使用。清代以來流行於民間，選材多用桑木或椿木製作，其制呈魚形，頭部正中開口，挖空腔腹，用作共鳴，尾部盤繞，其狀昂首縮尾，敲擊部位呈斜坡形，側看為頭大尾細的三角形，用木製棰子敲擊取聲。木魚大小不一，音高不同，在民族樂隊中，按七聲十二律選備成套木魚，有時還可演奏簡單的獨奏樂句，但一般都是使用二至三個（高中低音）作為節奏樂器或用作模仿馬蹄聲的音響效果。
Muyu (Wooden fish), wooden percussion instrument, was originally a common musical instrument for Buddhism activities, and was gradually absorbed and used by folk instrumental ensembles. It has been popular among the people since the Qing Dynasty. It is in the shape of a fish, with an opening in the middle of the head, hollowed out for resonance, and the tail is coiled. Viewed from the side, it is a triangle with a big head and a thin tail, and it is struck with a wooden shovel to pick up the sound. Wooden fish vary in size and pitch. In ethnic bands, a complete set of wooden fish is selected according to seven or twelve tones.